Vehicle routing is a central problem within operations research and combinatorial optimization focused on determining optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles to serve a set of customers. This field investigates methodologies for assigning customers to vehicles and sequencing their visits, typically aiming to minimize total travel distance, time, or cost, while satisfying various constraints such as vehicle capacity, customer time windows, and depot locations. Its academic significance lies in the development and analysis of algorithms and mathematical models for efficient logistical planning, with extensive practical applications in supply chain management, transportation, and service industries.